H1 Gender Differences

Internalization

Internalization Ns

Table 1:
Total samples for each country for Internalization analysis
Total N n Female N male
Argentina 721 498 223
Australia 2138 1101 1037
Austria 1368 731 637
Bangladesh 396 217 179
Belgium 1145 468 677
Bolivia 29 17 12
Brazil 1811 1086 725
Bulgaria 647 424 223
Canada 954 579 375
Chile 97 63 34
China 1030 505 525
Colombia 1249 784 465
Costa Rica 25 9 16
Croatia 507 264 243
Cuba 43 22 21
Denmark 566 280 286
Dominican Republic 36 29 7
Ecuador 148 82 66
El Salvador 28 15 13
Finland 653 317 336
France 1107 606 501
Germany 1537 772 765
Ghana 188 59 129
Greece 635 222 413
Guatemala 48 21 27
Honduras 24 17 7
Hungary 501 258 243
India 604 248 356
Iraq 543 263 280
Ireland 737 494 243
Israel 1250 634 616
Italy 1262 679 583
Japan 1150 589 561
Latvia 1003 633 370
Mexico 1243 626 617
Morocco 623 333 290
Nepal 345 183 162
Netherlands 1286 598 688
New Zealand 508 255 253
Nicaragua 16 10 6
Nigeria 555 274 281
North Macedonia 684 386 298
Norway 526 284 242
Pakistan 477 256 221
Panama 18 12 6
Paraguay 16 14 2
Peru 91 41 50
Philippines 508 256 252
Poland 1806 895 911
Puerto Rico* 2 1 1
Romania 997 504 493
Russia 557 294 263
Senegal 302 109 193
Serbia 758 561 197
Singapore 542 280 262
Slovakia 1254 626 628
South Africa 585 438 147
South Korea 491 231 260
Spain 1077 353 724
Sweden 1552 631 921
Switzerland 1056 537 519
Taiwan 833 419 414
Turkey 1436 735 701
Ukraine 577 303 274
United Arab Emirates 184 89 95
United Kingdom 547 280 267
United States 1489 762 727
Uruguay 49 34 15
Venezuela 96 54 42

Note. * = sample too small to be included in analysis below

 

Internalization Table

Table 2:
Gender differences in Internalization for each Country
mean F SD F mean M SD M t df p d
Argentina 8.44 1.44 8.02 1.44 -3.42 392.5 .001* 0.09
Australia 7.77 1.78 7.12 1.78 -8.51 2133.61 < .001** 0.13
Austria 8.09 1.58 7.68 1.58 -4.78 1341.04 < .001** 0.09
Bangladesh 8.76 1.33 8.54 1.33 -1.66 388.82 .098 0.33
Belgium 8.12 1.37 7.51 1.37 -7.02 1067.52 < .001** 0
Bolivia 8.05 1.56 8.52 1.56 0.86 25.61 .398 -0.45
Brazil 8.67 1.4 8.05 1.4 -8.06 1329.01 < .001** 0.05
Bulgaria 8.33 1.75 8.07 1.75 -1.83 457.45 .067 0.29
Canada 8.12 1.67 7.58 1.67 -4.63 753.2 < .001** 0.17
Chile 8.36 1.4 7.8 1.4 -1.86 66.54 .067 0.47
China 7.58 1.28 7.61 1.28 0.41 1027.93 .680 0
Colombia 8.46 1.51 8.09 1.51 -3.9 874.38 < .001** 0.11
Costa Rica 8.24 1.6 7.95 1.6 -0.47 14.4 .648 -0.74
Croatia 7.91 1.79 7.19 1.79 -4.55 503.29 < .001** 0.16
Cuba 8.87 1.57 8.91 1.57 0.09 40.68 .927 0.14
Denmark 6.76 1.83 7.38 1.83 4.01 563.82 < .001** -0.05
Dominican Republic 8.99 1.32 7.66 1.32 -1.92 7.79 .092 -0.25
Ecuador 8.21 1.41 8.2 1.41 -0.02 137.1 .986 -0.17
El Salvador 8.53 1.4 8.4 1.4 -0.24 24.71 .812 0.09
Finland 7.95 1.48 7.29 1.48 -5.28 648.24 < .001** 0.31
France 7.15 1.69 6.77 1.69 -3.77 1064.53 < .001** 0.07
Germany 7.39 2.02 7.09 2.02 -3.07 1527.98 .002* 0.18
Ghana 5.51 1.52 5.55 1.52 0.18 122.77 .855 0.12
Greece 8.59 1.19 7.93 1.19 -6.06 547.77 < .001** 0.34
Guatemala 9.19 1.07 8.23 1.07 -2.39 44.36 .021* -0.35
Honduras 9.15 1.3 8.69 1.3 -0.88 12.98 .394 0.53
Hungary 8.39 1.49 7.69 1.49 -5.01 489.28 < .001** 0.22
India 8.46 1.48 8.44 1.48 -0.15 567.24 .884 0.05
Iraq 7.81 1.69 7.69 1.69 -0.84 539.78 .403 -0.05
Ireland 8.7 1.18 8.25 1.18 -4.48 437.97 < .001** 0.29
Israel 8.46 1.43 8.05 1.43 -4.78 1217.88 < .001** 0.2
Italy 7.7 1.64 7.15 1.64 -5.88 1228.75 < .001** 0.07
Japan 6.4 1.59 6.02 1.59 -4.26 1147.97 < .001** 0.08
Latvia 7.36 1.74 6.43 1.74 -7.76 719.78 < .001** 0.41
Mexico 8.47 1.48 8.16 1.48 -3.52 1229.42 < .001** -0.04
Morocco 8.09 1.77 7.72 1.77 -2.59 605.58 .010* 0.1
Nepal 8.66 1.36 8.14 1.36 -3.34 324.22 .001* 0.18
Netherlands 8.05 1.36 7.42 1.36 -7.86 1282.99 < .001** 0.27
New Zealand 7.23 1.74 8.03 1.74 5.46 500.89 < .001** 0.01
Nicaragua 8.18 1.78 8.63 1.78 0.52 11.41 .615 -0.35
Nigeria 8.76 1.43 8.58 1.43 -1.46 552.89 .144 -0.11
North Macedonia 8.44 1.46 7.84 1.46 -4.8 578.15 < .001** 0.09
Norway 8.32 1.47 7.52 1.47 -5.98 499.72 < .001** 0.31
Pakistan 8.52 1.51 7.95 1.51 -3.64 423.13 < .001** -0.02
Panama 8.4 1.93 8.63 1.93 0.29 13.6 .773 -0.2
Paraguay 8.2 1.5 7.3 1.5 -1.12 1.75 .394 0.84
Peru 7.9 1.64 8.27 1.64 1.09 83.37 .280 -0.15
Philippines 8.29 1.7 8.05 1.7 -1.64 505.35 .101 0.03
Poland 7.7 1.76 7.17 1.76 -6.42 1802.64 < .001** 0.22
Puerto Rico 9.8 - 9 - - - - -
Romania 7.98 1.8 7.66 1.8 -2.84 994.59 .005* 0.08
Russia 7.71 1.86 7.15 1.86 -3.58 549.08 < .001** 0.17
Senegal 8.55 1.63 8.24 1.63 -1.62 224.95 .107 0.02
Serbia 8.37 1.62 7.9 1.62 -3.38 334.08 .001* 0.29
Singapore 7.6 1.7 7.19 1.7 -2.85 539.92 .005* -0.14
Slovakia 7.71 1.66 7.14 1.66 -6.08 1251.82 < .001** 0.31
South Africa 8.89 1.16 8.28 1.16 -4.54 208.36 < .001** 0.36
South Korea 6.81 1.6 6.69 1.6 -0.79 482.19 .429 -0.09
Spain 8.47 1.3 7.97 1.3 -5.59 788.67 < .001** 0.31
Sweden 8.51 1.25 7.83 1.25 -9.54 1512.41 < .001** 0.31
Switzerland 7.52 1.75 6.83 1.75 -6.55 1053.76 < .001** 0.06
Taiwan 6.71 1.58 6.61 1.58 -0.95 830.97 .341 -0.15
Turkey 8.2 1.61 7.76 1.61 -4.8 1401.97 < .001** 0.19
Ukraine 7.96 1.57 7.14 1.57 -6.19 565.45 < .001** 0.05
United Arab Emirates 8.66 1.39 8.26 1.39 -1.79 181.23 .075 0.21
United Kingdom 8.85 1.13 8.2 1.13 -5.99 514.83 < .001** 0.32
United States 7.63 1.96 7.03 1.96 -6.11 1484.33 < .001** -0.22
Uruguay 8.24 1.39 7.89 1.39 -0.61 20.36 .551 0.14
Venezuela 8.37 1.98 8.45 1.98 0.22 93.99 .829 -0.12

Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001

 

Internalization Plot

(open in new window)

Symbolization

Symbolization Ns

Table 3:
Total samples for each country for Symbolization analysis
Total N n Female N male
Argentina 721 498 223
Australia 2142 1103 1039
Austria 1389 738 651
Bangladesh 399 220 179
Belgium 1156 471 685
Bolivia 29 17 12
Brazil 1819 1091 728
Bulgaria 654 428 226
Canada 956 580 376
Chile 97 63 34
China 1030 505 525
Colombia 1261 792 469
Costa Rica 25 9 16
Croatia 511 266 245
Cuba 43 22 21
Denmark 566 280 286
Dominican Republic 36 29 7
Ecuador 148 82 66
El Salvador 28 15 13
Finland 653 317 336
France 1112 610 502
Germany 1581 794 787
Ghana 205 67 138
Greece 635 222 413
Guatemala 48 21 27
Honduras 24 17 7
Hungary 505 260 245
India 626 262 364
Iraq 551 264 287
Ireland 741 496 245
Israel 1251 636 615
Italy 1271 683 588
Japan 1157 591 566
Latvia 1003 633 370
Mexico 1251 628 623
Morocco 641 340 301
Nepal 349 186 163
Netherlands 1296 602 694
New Zealand 509 256 253
Nicaragua 16 10 6
Nigeria 562 279 283
North Macedonia 699 392 307
Norway 531 284 247
Pakistan 483 258 225
Panama 18 12 6
Paraguay 16 14 2
Peru 91 41 50
Philippines 511 257 254
Poland 1806 895 911
Puerto Rico* 2 1 1
Romania 1001 507 494
Russia 557 294 263
Senegal 326 118 208
Serbia 768 567 201
Singapore 544 281 263
Slovakia 1260 630 630
South Africa 629 468 161
South Korea 494 234 260
Spain 1089 357 732
Sweden 1564 635 929
Switzerland 1056 537 519
Taiwan 833 419 414
Turkey 1445 739 706
Ukraine 577 303 274
United Arab Emirates 187 91 96
United Kingdom 548 280 268
United States 1494 767 727
Uruguay 49 34 15
Venezuela 96 54 42

Note. * = sample too small to be included in analysis below

 

Symbolization Table

Table 4:
Gender differences in Symbolization for each Country
mean F SD F mean M SD M t df p d
Argentina 5.67 2.26 5.47 2.26 -1.1 425.98 .272 0.09
Australia 5.59 1.98 5.32 1.98 -3 2115.11 .003* 0.13
Austria 5.08 2.07 4.9 2.07 -1.7 1374.66 .089 0.09
Bangladesh 6.32 2.08 5.6 2.08 -3.22 362.43 .001* 0.33
Belgium 4.75 1.84 4.75 1.84 -0.01 1050.5 .989 0
Bolivia 5.89 2.05 6.77 2.05 1.18 24.87 .250 -0.45
Brazil 6.11 2.07 5.99 2.07 -1.16 1472.52 .247 0.06
Bulgaria 5.48 2.28 4.82 2.28 -3.37 433.96 .001* 0.28
Canada 5.2 1.8 4.88 1.8 -2.51 733.9 .012* 0.17
Chile 5.93 2.15 4.88 2.15 -2.1 61.15 .039* 0.47
China 6.44 1.51 6.44 1.51 -0.07 1025.55 .944 0
Colombia 5.87 2.26 5.61 2.26 -1.93 960.85 .054 0.11
Costa Rica 4.58 1.85 6.21 1.85 1.86 21.02 .077 -0.74
Croatia 5.2 2.09 4.87 2.09 -1.83 509 .067 0.16
Cuba 7.25 2.66 6.91 2.66 -0.44 40.94 .665 0.14
Denmark 4.47 2.05 4.58 2.05 0.59 563.91 .558 -0.05
Dominican Republic 6.83 2.36 7.37 2.36 0.83 17.32 .417 -0.25
Ecuador 6.04 2.34 6.43 2.34 1.03 141.47 .306 -0.17
El Salvador 4.96 2.95 4.68 2.95 -0.23 23.96 .818 0.09
Finland 4.1 1.97 3.48 1.97 -3.99 648.76 < .001** 0.31
France 5.37 1.89 5.24 1.89 -1.12 1067.69 .262 0.07
Germany 4.61 2.22 4.22 2.22 -3.57 1578.1 < .001** 0.18
Ghana 4.61 2.35 4.42 2.35 -0.53 137.06 .597 0.08
Greece 4.97 1.73 4.38 1.73 -4.1 465.34 < .001** 0.34
Guatemala 5.56 2.28 6.38 2.28 1.18 44.64 .243 -0.35
Honduras 7.88 1.85 6.94 1.85 -1.16 11.6 .271 0.53
Hungary 5.68 2.12 5.23 2.12 -2.41 502.54 .016* 0.21
India 5.08 2.47 5.04 2.47 -0.19 532.77 .851 0.02
Iraq 5.8 1.79 5.85 1.79 0.31 548.9 .756 -0.03
Ireland 5.17 2.01 4.57 2.01 -3.75 482.47 < .001** 0.29
Israel 5.17 2.04 4.79 2.04 -3.34 1247.88 .001* 0.19
Italy 5.95 1.94 5.8 1.94 -1.38 1243.15 .168 0.08
Japan 4.51 1.68 4.37 1.68 -1.3 1146.15 .193 0.08
Latvia 5.17 1.87 4.39 1.87 -6.28 758.91 < .001** 0.41
Mexico 6.11 2.3 6.18 2.3 0.54 1248.11 .592 -0.03
Morocco 5.31 2.27 5.1 2.27 -1.13 625.2 .257 0.09
Nepal 6.76 1.74 6.44 1.74 -1.63 336.05 .105 0.18
Netherlands 5.06 1.91 4.53 1.91 -4.87 1282.91 < .001** 0.27
New Zealand 5.4 1.9 5.35 1.9 -0.27 506.78 .785 0.02
Nicaragua 5.42 3.22 6.43 3.22 0.65 11.68 .527 -0.35
Nigeria 7.11 2 7.32 2 1.28 555.87 .203 -0.11
North Macedonia 5.42 2.18 5.23 2.18 -1.15 660.82 .249 0.09
Norway 5.08 1.88 4.51 1.88 -3.55 525.3 < .001** 0.31
Pakistan 5.99 1.89 6.02 1.89 0.15 464.07 .880 -0.01
Panama 5.57 2.29 6.07 2.29 0.32 7.26 .758 -0.2
Paraguay 6.51 2.65 4.5 2.65 -2.33 6.88 .054 0.84
Peru 5.7 2.19 6.04 2.19 0.71 87.2 .478 -0.15
Philippines 6.57 2.03 6.51 2.03 -0.34 507.11 .730 0.03
Poland 5.68 1.96 5.25 1.96 -4.73 1796.3 < .001** 0.22
Puerto Rico 8.8 - 6.8 - - - - -
Romania 6.05 2.14 5.89 2.14 -1.28 993.51 .201 0.08
Russia 4.26 2.14 3.9 2.14 -1.96 545.13 .050 0.17
Senegal 5.47 2.28 5.55 2.28 0.31 268.65 .758 -0.03
Serbia 4.51 2.27 3.86 2.27 -3.73 377.33 < .001** 0.3
Singapore 5.44 1.88 5.7 1.88 1.65 541.55 .100 -0.14
Slovakia 5.81 2.04 5.19 2.04 -5.49 1257.86 < .001** 0.31
South Africa 6.05 2.13 5.23 2.13 -4.07 266.99 < .001** 0.38
South Korea 6.03 1.54 6.15 1.54 0.95 476.26 .340 -0.09
Spain 5.39 1.98 4.77 1.98 -4.89 711.96 < .001** 0.32
Sweden 5.07 2.02 4.43 2.02 -6.11 1359.93 < .001** 0.32
Switzerland 4.95 1.97 4.84 1.97 -0.91 1053.9 .361 0.06
Taiwan 4.97 1.75 5.25 1.75 2.21 821.58 .027* -0.15
Turkey 6.18 2.39 5.73 2.39 -3.74 1439.36 < .001** 0.2
Ukraine 4.44 2.11 4.32 2.11 -0.64 545.09 .521 0.05
United Arab Emirates 6.14 1.81 5.71 1.81 -1.5 183.14 .135 0.22
United Kingdom 4.85 2.09 4.2 2.09 -3.75 545.99 < .001** 0.32
United States 5.84 2 6.31 2 4.27 1450.77 < .001** -0.22
Uruguay 5.42 2.28 5.11 2.28 -0.45 27.87 .655 0.14
Venezuela 5.93 2.73 6.23 2.73 0.58 92.37 .560 -0.12

Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001

 

Symbolization Plot

(open in new window)